A Report on The Power and Limits of Power Essay Sample free essay sample

The Power and Limits of a Vision by Paul Roazen challenges the conflicts of Erikson on three cardinal develops: uniqueness emergency. life mood and psychosocial advancement the defense of Erik Erikson’s work and his inheritance to mental science and cultural logical controls. In this book. Roazen contends that like Freud. Erikson’s well known develops and hypotheses may non needfully keep valid. Roazen tested his develops essentially by oppugning the start and the techniques by which these builds were gotten from which are generally from the individual encounters of Erikson. This paper surveys the book of Koazen on The Power and Limits of a Vision by Erik Erikson as a reaction to the interest to clear up the significance and the obviousness of the speculations of Erikson remembering the essential builds for his plants. The positions and positions in Paul Roazen’s The Power and Limits of a Vision brings into request the hypothesis and builds of the most compelling psychosocial theoretician in the person of Erik Erikson. We will compose a custom article test on A Report on The Power and Limits of Power Essay Sample or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Roazen. a political researcher and profundity brain science historiographer gave an all-inclusive reappraisal and re-appraisal of Freud’s work bespeaking that profundity brain science is non the perfect signifier of intercession. Primarily. a political specialist. it ought to be noticed that Roazen’s pundit of Erikson comes from his rating of profundity brain research. cultural and political thought implanted in Erikson’s hypotheses. In contrast to old mental science bookmans. Roazen began his book by following the similitudes among Erikson and Freud by explicitly getting the well known develops that are ascribed to them. For Erikson. these would incorporate the develops of uniqueness emergency. life cadence and psychosocial advancement builds that have withstood ominous decisions and improvements from followings and pundits of Erikson. From these three develops. The Power and Limits of a Vision focused its treatment on the geographic campaign and examination of Roazen regarding these matters. The main significant request in the book was that of the believability of Erikson in embraced the issue of independence when actually. he had revealed his ain disarray of his ain independence. Consequently. to interface and conjecture and chop down human conduct to the quest for happening one’s singularity orchestrating to the book would be unbelievable. The Power and Limits of a Vision so follows the psychosocial advancement in fledglings which is independence versus work dispersion so as to joint uniqueness emergency. Blending to the hypothesis of Erikson. adolescents’ encounters singularity emergency during this clasp as a result of their expanding independency from their family unit and the expanding impact of their cultural condition unconventionally their equivalents. The request presented by Roazen roots from his faultfinder that Erikson himself couldn't open up the confidence of his stepfather and of his ain confidence ( Judaic ) . Thusly. the book carefully req uests Erikson’s powerlessness to concede that he was an illegal child. Roazen’s book requests the covering of Erikson’s roots as an imprint that he himself couldn't work through his singularity emergency. The Power and Limits of a Vision investigates this subject further and in it Roazen talks about the forswearing of Erikson’s ain independence consequently. the 1 that he had may non be dependable. While the difficulties that were introduced by Roazen in the book focuses to the individual steadfastness of Erikson as a theoretician. the second pundit harps on human conduct and the single contrasts in approaching it. In the succeeding pieces of the book. Roazen requests the completion of Erikson’s human conduct develops exceptionally his geographic endeavors of experiential emergency. Blending to Roazen ( 1977 ) . people fluctuate in their geographic undertakings of their ain being and few would ponder on their experiential emergency. The book contends that while individuals are pre-busy with about similar concerns, for example, awareness. sex. and so forth . the variance would bestow less validity of Erikson’s claims. Be that as it may. Roazen impartially takes note of that Erikson did non guarantee the legitimacy of his hypotheses on character. Be that as it may. the limitations of his speculations lies to a great extent in his powerlessness to break down a few po ints just like most mental science bookmans do now. His ain investigation of his encounters in this manner. loans the limitations of his ain examination. The second issue in The Power and Limits of a Vision has been that of Erikson’s life beat hypothesis in which Roazen contended that Erikson by clarifying on his hypothesis of psychosocial development’s eight constituents. Erikson separated between the positive and the negative side of improvement. In the strategy of making so. he is prescribing consistency to the positive side of advancement subsequently. making a position quo of consistency in mental science. In Roazen’s term this is like the indorsement of political traditionalism. The unbending nature of this division is suggested in the equivalence in the encounters of people for the duration of the existence cycle-something that would do the single sense of self ambigious so as to offer way to the cultural inner self. In representing the existence beat hypothesis. Erikson orchestrating to Roazen utilized Marthin Luther as his point of convergence of conversation from his dislodging in character and in his wa ys of thinking which is showed in the adjustments on his period of advancement. For case. the last period of Erikson which is Generativity V Stagnation has been accomplished by King which permitted him to set humankind and God each piece great as his limitations in his ways of thinking. Notwithstanding. regardless of the horrible decisions of Roazen. the essayist recognizes the intensity of Erikson’s hypothesis in finding the positive side of human conduct. The constructive geographic campaign of Erikson which is a going from Freud’s antagonistic geographic endeavor of human conduct demonstrated that people can set to their cultural and individual condition so as to make a harmony important to equilibrate their characters from that of society’s standards and conventions. Therefore. Roazen reacts to the averment of Erikson that society all in all had offered way to the modifications in people’s psychosocial improvement by bespeaking that while society had given individuals this possibility. social orders including the United States has other than denied individuals from indicating their ain independence and human advancement through restraint. All in all Rozen gave a decent introduction of Erikson’s hypothesis and ideas while admiting that Erikson’s prognostic force in human conduct despite everything stands today. there are a few limits to this force. In The Power and Limits of a Vision. Roazen’s essential concern was of the techniques by which Erikson had concocted his speculations endlessly its effect on the general public all in all. In making so. it is apparent in The Power and Limits of a Vision was increasingly worried about the social impacts of Erikson’s principles on the other hand of the single geographic endeavor of the brain and character. Roazen in his choice ideals Erikson’s capacity to foresee each piece great as keep up good faith of human conduct regardless of the negativisim that is obvious in the plants of Freud-a significant impact in Erikson’s work. Consideration and Analysis Toward the beginning of the book. one would hold the develop that Roazen is essentially thumping Erikson. In any case. this is non the occasion as Roazen gave a reasonable and all around enunciated requests on the cogency and the reliability of Erikson’s speculations. For case. from the rubric totally. The Power and Limits of a Vision presents an acknowledgment and congrats of the capacity of Erikson’s hypotheses to oppose negative decisions however at a similar clasp. it other than delivers the failings of Erikson’s plants. All around. Erikson’s hypothesis and cardinal builds have remained more than a few pundits. most. with indistinguishable requests from that of Roazen. Hence. Erikson had just addressed some of Roazen’s requests in old plants. The essential worry that is new to Roazen’s The Power and Limits of a Vision is that of the worry for the general public as a result of the consistency in human conduct. Roazen’s book henceforth. given essential requests with respect to the totality of the builds of distinction and the effect of character and human conduct to society as clarified in the psychosocial advancement of Erikson. Be that as it may. while The Power and the Limits of a Vision solidly communicated a few failings in Erikson’s hypothesis. it neglected to adequately debilitate the cases of Erikson. First. the powerlessness of Roazen to gracefully a convincing pundit is his nonattendance of a substitute hypothesis or convention that would be a substitution or exchange to Erikson’s speculations on independence. life cadence and psychosocial advancement. For case. he chief dismissed the hypotheses of Freud as being unnecessarily contrary and considered Erikson as unreasonably constructive and deterministic in qualifying the advancement of people. Thusly. the insufficiency of providing a solid psycho-social worldview has been a result of the point of convergence of Roazen on the general public. While Erikson thinks about the general public as an of import relevant foundation and power of his plants. his essential point of convergence is that of the individual and his/her conduct. Subsequently. Erikson concentrated on an inward examination of the individual thinking about the outer condition and the general public as of import determiners of one’s conduct and dev

How to Write a University Essay

How to Write a University EssayAlthough you may think that writing a university essay is simply a matter of writing a high school paper, the truth is that you will need to know how to write a university essay. Not all academic institutions and educational institutions require students to write essays. In fact, there are many that do not have any policy regarding this particular requirement.There are many different reasons why an essay must be written. For example, if the student's essay is accepted for publication, the essay must be written in accordance with the rules and regulations set by the editor or by the college. It should also be written as accurately as possible, including using reliable sources as well as properly citing the source.Writing an essay is an important part of preparing for higher education. In fact, many colleges and universities require all students to write an essay prior to graduating. Since this is required, it is essential that you know how to write a uni versity essay. When you are writing your essay, there are a few things that you must remember.One of the first things that you must do is outline the topic of your essay. All you need to do is to plan out how you will go about creating the outline for your essay. You can find outline templates on the Internet or elsewhere, in order to help you create your outline.Once you have planned out your topic, you will need to make sure that you gather all of the necessary research that you will need. The information that you gather for this purpose should be relevant to the topic that you have planned out. Most writing tutorials for college students will instruct students on how to collect the necessary research.Some students may feel as though they are able to write a university essay without having all of the necessary research. However, if you want to appear as objective as possible, it is vital that you know the sources that you are using. By using legitimate and reliable sources, you wi ll be able to present yourself in the best light possible.Another thing that you must do when you are writing a university essay is to keep it short and concise. This means that you need to ensure that your essay is neither too long nor too short. This will also ensure that you do not over-write the essay.Finally, you will need to edit your essay for clarity and for grammar and spelling. Many writing tutorials for college students will instruct students on how to properly edit their essay. All you need to do is to look at the back of your paper or copy of the essay to get a guide as to how to properly edit your essay.

Tips for Writing a Cover Letter That Gets Noticed

Tips for Writing a Cover Letter That Gets Noticed Tips for Writing a Good Cover Letter for Job Application Writing a cover letter is an important step in almost every job application. A purpose of a cover letter is to make a positive impression on your prospective employer that will make him read your application thoroughly and invite you for an interview. If you fail and your cover letter makes a poor impression, an employer might not be interested in reading your CV and it will be ignored, so it really makes sense to devote much time and effort to writing a winning cover letter that sells your skills and abilities in a clear and concise manner. Here are some useful tips for writing a cover letter that may help you make it effective. Cover Letters: What You Need to Know If you have ever written a cover letter, you know that it’s not easy to do it well. Here is all information you need to understand how to make a cover letter that is sure to get your application noticed. A cover letter is a document that should complement your CV and add a personal touch to your job application. Here you have to explain why you would like to work in the specific organization and determine your most relevant skills or experiences. The cover letter is made of several parts: Your personal details â€" name, address, cell phone number, email Cover letter salutation â€" it’s very important to get hiring manager’s name Cover letter body includes several paragraphs. Paragraph One explains why you are writing. Tell where you heard about the job opening and name a few key strengths that prove your suitability for the position. Paragraph Two describes what you can offer to the employer â€" your key competencies, examples of the work you performed, and results that you have achieved. Paragraph Three shows your knowledge of the company and explains how you can contribute. Paragraph Four is the closing. Mention your CV and give a hiring manager a good reason to read it and ask for an interview. Thank an employer for consideration. Signature Every part of your cover letter matters so after you have written about your work experience, your talents and skills, expressed your enthusiasm for the job and the company, you might start wondering how to close a cover letter in a proper way. Career experts suggest using phrases like ‘thank you’, ‘best regards’, ‘sincerely’ since it’s a formal business letter and you must sound polite. How to format your cover letter? Make sure your cover letter looks professional to match the standards expected by the hiring managers. Be clear, concise, and to-the-point Keep your paragraphs short and direct Use bulleted lists Use an easy-to-read font like Arial, Times New Roman, Calibri or Georgia A font size should be 10 or 12 points that are easy to read Use standard margins of 1’’ on the bottom, top, and right and left sides of the page Add spaces between different part of your document Need more cover letter tips? Here you are. Don’t be too informal, but use simple, natural language and avoid clichés Be enthusiastic, but do not beg for a position Include keywords if you are going to submit your cover letter and CV to an online listing so that it can pass through the applicant tracking system Customize your cover letter to each position you’re applying to Always ask a trusted friend to proofread your cover letter before sending it 4 Secret Rules for Writing a Great Cover Letter Don’t repeat your resume but use your cover letter to present your personality and show your interest and curiosity in the particular field that you are applying to work in. For example, Google for the history of your field or the company you are applying to, and mention some cool historical facts in your cover letter to show your expertise and interest. Keep your cover letter short â€" three paragraphs, half a page or something like that, not more. Skip unnecessary introduction and write something valuable instead. Don’t address anybody if you do not know exactly who you should be addressing. Just start from the body of your cover letter. Use strong cover letter closing. Finish your letter quickly explaining how your previous experience or personal worldview can help you at the job. Writing an impressive cover letter that can catch an employer’s attention can be challenging. It is especially difficult if you are doing it for the first time, writing a business cover letter that should show your strong communication skills, or when you have to include salary requirements in cover letter. If you have trouble with writing your cover letter or any other piece of writing, you can easily get professional help from expert writers when you make a request on our custom writing service. We have a large staff of experienced writers who will provide you with well-written content in any field of knowledge at any deadline.

The North American Free Trade Agreement - 1711 Words

This paper will discuss four components of the North American Free Trade Agreement: Background, events, pros and cons. Upon the research, you will discover four online articles to provide more detail and examples. This research will indicate how it was developed and the reasoning on why it would benefit the nation. Also, it will provide events that occur after the agreement was signed by congress and the recession the countries experience during the early 2000s. There will be a chart located on Appendix A that will indicate the unemployment rates during 2008 to 2015. This paper gives readers the proper knowledge of the history throughout the North American Free Trade. It acknowledges the improvements that should be made in the future for a structure approach. For decades, there has been many trade barriers to import and export goods from one country to another. 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Quantitative Research Critique - 1540 Words

This critique reviewed a quantitative study based upon palliative care and how it met emotional or spiritual needs of the families of patients with serious illnesses. The critique used eight criteria to analyze the quantitative study. The criteria include the identification of the problem, the determination of the purpose of the study, the review of the literature, the selection of the sample size and the research design, methods for collecting the data, the analysis of the data, study findings as well as the utilization of study findings. Quantitative Research Critique Quantitative research is concerned with objectivity, tight controls over the research situation, and the ability to generalized findings (Nieswiadomy, 2008, p.†¦show more content†¦Palliative care can be of great significance to nursing and healthcare as patients and family members who have access to this service report higher satisfaction (Kaiser Health News, 2010). 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Unusual Facts About Ielts Cause and Effect Essay Samples

Unusual Facts About Ielts Cause and Effect Essay Samples When something happens it causes an outcome. While deciding upon the subject, you've got to bear in mind that this specific event ought to have a cause and there ought to be some notable effects as a consequence of the cause. There are a lot of reasons that mean that recycling isn't done as effectively as it could, the principal problem being the attitude of the overall public. In summary, the consequences of obesity that are physical, psychological, and social can cause many difficulties, but the primary point it can provide many suffering and cause death. In summary, it's evident there are several causes of obesity amongst children, and a number of negative consequences. Secondly, overweight individuals are extremely unhealthy and frequently suffer from strain and tiredness. Among the effects is these drugs are affecting their brain and mental ailments. Another severe effect is that a number of these young folks may not have sufficient money to buy the drug, but as they're addicted to it, they would do anything to receive it. Additionally, business morality needs to be emphasised and penetrated by all firms. For instance, a person who pursues painting or blogging for a hobby will most likely have the ability to turn that into a lucrative career. As a consequence, science subjects appear to be less attractive to students in comparison with economics or business-related subjects. Once more, you will need to demonstrate your extensive wisdom and analytical mastery of the area. At length, you've got to examine the paper on multi ple occasions. The point is to lay down outline in a frame that's simple and quite easy to comprehend. Don't forget your time is limited and you don't wish to waste any of that attempting to develop an incorrect topic. For instance, it has been shown that an obese person should put more effort to finish some task than somebody with normal weight. Up in Arms About Ielts Cause and Effect Essay Samples? It's a fact that smoking gives a sense of pleasure. The major issue is that there'll obviously be more people of retirement age who will be qualified to be given a pension. The problem of unemployment isn't a little problem that may be easily uprooted by the society. It might be the most serious consequence of unemployment to any society. In the end, the conclusion is virtually non-existent. In final words, it's unfair for the children to bear all types of pressure, and every portion of society should exert effort to supply them with a joyful youth life. Today the most fundamental problem that's engulfing the society is the matter of unemployment. The One Thing to Do for Ielts Cause and Effect Essay Samples There are a number of essay writing services that think they're the very best, and thus don't be cheated and check the real collection of the very best. The increasing number of essay writing services is totally overwhelming. This topic appeared in a new IELTS exam. There's one major issue with the five paragraph essay. Most importantly, all types of essay writing demands the writer to experience the essay few times before finalizing the content to make certain it is readable and concise. Once more, based on the content you must provide, the essay ought to be organized to suit your information efficiently and neatly. This essay employs the block structure. Don't be afraid to get in touch with our Essay Writing Service and skilled essay writers will gladly assist you with your assignment. The Most Popular Ielts Cause and Effect Essay Samples There isn't much produced for such individuals on earth. As a result of the arrival of technologies like the world wide web and the wise phone people are continuously glued to their screens. For example, it would be problematic for humans to generate newer smart phones with better functions. The very first component is the growth in junk food. In the event you need your custom made cause and effect essay accomplished by a non-native English speaker, you w ill earn that option and we'll provide you with a writer best suits your writing needs. Cause and effect is an excellent pick for those who wish to better their skills not just in writing but logical thinking also. Broadly speaking, there are 3 kinds of cause and effect essays. There's psychological effect too.

Analysis Of One Perfect Rose Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of One Perfect Rose Essay In her poem One Perfect Rose, Dorothy Parker misleads the reader throughout the first and second stanzas into believing this poem is a romantic tribute to a tender moment from her past through her word choice and style of writing. However, the tone of the entire poem dramatically changes upon reading the third and final stanza when Parker allows the reader to understand her true intention of the poem, which is a cynical and perhaps bewildered view of the memory. And, with this shift in the tone in the third stanza, there is a shift in the meaning of the entire poem, leading the reader to believe that the first two stanzas were not, in fact, sweet but instead a sarcastic and bitter account of this past moment. In the first stanza, Dorothy Parker uses specific words to create a double meaning. She uses words like tenderly, pure, and perfect to describe both the rose and its sender. The words directly influence the readers initial reaction to the poem, as does the way in which she writes the poem. The stanza has four lines with every other line rhyming ABAB format. It is short and sweet with a melodic quality in its reading. This musical quality definitely helps to lull the reader into the belief that the poems intention is to come across as a romantic recollection. However, in reading the poem through a second time, equipped with the knowledge of its true bitter notions, the reader sees what is purposely hidden but directly affects the overall tone. Parker mentions first and foremost the fact that this gentleman sent her a single flowr and ends the stanza with the phrase one perfect rose. There is a repetition here that at first the reader passes off as her noting the delicacy of the solitary flower. Upon reading the last stanza, it is realized that she is actually pointing out the fact that the only thing she received was one flower-thats it. And, although there is a melodic quality to the rhythm to this poem, this rhythm accentuates the abruptness of her speech. She cuts lines off and speaks in short fragmented sentences. This, again, is something that is not noticed in the first read-through, but it does stand out after this initial reading. It almost seems as if Parker could not be bothered to spend too much time on the poem: its as if it w as not worth the time or the effort. The second stanza is similar in content to the first. There are words Parker uses to deceive the reader at first- fragile, heart, love, and perfect. There are again four lines to the stanza with the odd and the even lines rhyming. And, of course, there are those words that the reader misses the first time reading it through. Her use of the word floweret is a perfect example of this. She cunningly makes a show of the fact that this is one, single flower by itself, but  because the word rhymes with the word amulet two lines down, this mocking goes unnoticed. As does her the true meaning of the line Love long has taken for his amulet. Using this rose as the unknown gentlemans call sign at first seems cute. Superman has his S, this gentleman has his One perfect rose. The reader comes to realize that this symbol is not an honorable one. In the third and final stanza, Parker really shines the light on her true intention for this poem. She continues with the same format as the previous two stanzas, four lines with every other line rhyming and short, fragmented lines. However, her real feelings come out loud and clear in this stanza where they did not in the first two. She did not want that one, singe rose. She wanted more, perhaps one perfect limousine. Here not only does she inform us what she wanted; she mocks what she did receive. Each line ends with the line One perfect rose, including the last stanza. And. In using the phrase one perfect limousine she makes her feeling completely obvious. The rose was unnecessary and unwanted. .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b , .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b .postImageUrl , .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b , .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b:hover , .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b:visited , .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b:active { border:0!important; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b:active , .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98d69deade03664d95d2251175059f5b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Analysis Of Zeitoun And His Family 's Experience With Hurricane Katrina EssayUsing it three time over in the same phrase still did not have the same effect that using the word limousine once in the same phrase did. Parker is clearly trying to say that if this gentleman was going to make an effort, he should have made it for something worth her time. And by reading this poem, the reader can assume that a rose is not worthy. This poem is deceptively worded and simple in design. The author, Dorothy Parker, obviously is trying to achieve some shock value for the reader and succeeds in doing so. Her intention is to create an incorrect tone and give the reader a false sense of security in the poems initial innocence so that when she does reveal the true tone and persona, the reader will see it immediately and understand it thoroughly. Had she droned on about her cynical and bitter recollection of this memory, the reader would have lost interest in the whining. Instead, she sneaks up on the reader with the true nature of her feelings and it makes the poem and the readers understanding of it truly dynamic.

Voting Rights History and Challenges

Democracy is always defined by the citizens’ right to vote meaning that it will not be in existence if they are denied such an aspect. In this case, they should be free to choose their leaders and government as a whole. The founders of America did not believe in universal suffrage as expected but this has been improving as time goes by.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Voting Rights History and Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the initial stages, voters were required to own property and this therefore excluded 60% of the population from voting. As much as this was dropped, the 1800s saw a lot of women and slaves being excluded from voting (Stout, 2009, p. 29). The ratification of 1870 can be described as a major achievement because it secured voting in a broad way. The exclusion of women from voting continued up to 1920 when the country was able to grant all its citizens universal suffrage (St out, 2009, p. 15). This was mostly after the nineteenth amendment and later on the Indian citizenship act that gave a lot of people some citizenship rights. In this case, all Native Americans were grated some citizenship which was a big achievement. As much as this had been reviewed, people’s right to vote was still being governed by the state through different laws. Despite these developments, some states still barred Native Americans to vote. In 1964, the qualifications for an individual to be eligible as a voter were reviewed. This means that various poll taxes and normal literacy tests were done away with. It should be known that this was enhanced by the twenty-fourth amendment. Later on, in 1971 the legal age that was needed for a citizen to qualify as a voter was lowered. This meant that a person of 18 years of age was eligible to vote in any election. 1976 saw the voting rights act make a provision for translations to people who did not understand English as far as ele ction materials are concerned (Finley, 2008, p. 35). In relation to all these constitutional achievements, many people have come to appreciate the fact that United States provides for ultimate universal suffrage. As time has gone by, the law has insisted that any new state laws should be reviewed and approved by the country’s chief legal officer. There is legal protection in relation to universal suffrage but the mentally incompetent have been excluded from voting which is acceptable. These are good developments that are likely to enhance universal suffrage but different people have argued that it is not enough. This means that all citizens should be effectively represented in government for long term sustainability in relation to democracy.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are various challenges to fair and equal voting practices that need to be sorted out in elections a t various levels. This can be either at the federal, state and local levels of elections. Representative democracy has emerged as a challenge that needs to be sorted out because there are people who might be chosen to represent the interests of voters as leaders yet they fail in their duties. Oppressive attitudes have been seen in various areas and this will limit equal voting rights in relation to administrative positions (Stout, 2009, p. 54). Another challenge to fair and equal voting practices is political redistricting practices because this is likely to weaken the gains that have been made in the past years. It should be known that voters’ rights have been protected by amendments to the constitution but poll worker recruitment might end up challenging the minority vote (Finley, 2008, p. 68). There is an argument that equal and sustainable education has not been achieved in the country and this does not provide an equal electoral opportunity. Reference List Finley, K. (20 08). Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight against Civil Rights, 1938-1965. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Stout, D. (2009). Justices Let Stand a Central Provision of Voting Rights Act. New York: The New York Times. This essay on Voting Rights History and Challenges was written and submitted by user Danna V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing a Good Human Resources Term Paper Based on the Complete Guide

Writing a Good Human Resources Term Paper Based on the Complete Guide It is the end of each term, and this means you are supposed to write the most important academic paper a term paper. You may say, â€Å"All my assignments are important† As a matter of fact, a term paper is considered to be the final paper with the aim to demonstrate the knowledge that a student gets during the term period. The significance of term paper writing, or in other words the way a term paper accounts for the major part of your grade, is the core difference between a term paper and other types of academic papers. For instance, a term paper can be written as a critical essay or any other types of essays as well as in the form of a research paper. Let’s find out what you are required in a human resources term paper in detail. This human resources term paper guide is to simplify the whole process of creating a good term paper for you. Just follow all the human resources term paper writing tips mentioned here. 3 Basic Principles of Term Paper Writing The main features associated with a term paper are divided into 3 basic requirements: The demonstration of knowledge regarding the specific subject; The choice of a research-worthy topic; The adherence to the main paper requirements in relation to researching, writing, and formatting. The extent of the student’s knowledge and the cogent argumentation are the key characteristics valued in the final term paper. With that in mind, the two requirements which you should focus on while writing your term paper are the demonstration of the knowledge in regards to the topic you choose and the presentation of substantial arguments in a logical way. Though you may already be aware of the core differences between a term paper and other academic papers, it would be useful to repeat this information. First of all, term paper accounts for the substantial part of your grade. Secondly, a term paper requires thoughtful knowledge of the topic you are going to write about. Thirdly, writing a term paper requires knowledge of not only what you are going to write about, but also how you are going to write about the topic of your choice. Thus, the following tips could become useful for the upcoming work: they will make your process of writing easy and let you deliver a high-quality term paper on human resources. 7 Preparatory Steps for Best Human Resources Term Paper Writing Let’s look at a plan that encompasses the initial steps of writing your term paper. Usually, the basic plan for writing any term paper includes the following points: Searching for an interesting topic. Usually, the most successful topics for your term paper are controversial ones that suppose the presentation of opposite views and the argumentation in regards to the advantages and disadvantages which each of the approaches implies. Certainly, do not forget that you need to support one of the approaches which you most believe in. Thinking of a persuasive thesis statement. A thesis statement is an assumption you are going to defend or a statement which you have to persuade your reader in. Be specific here (further, you will find useful tips on writing an efficient thesis statement). Conduct broad research on your topic. Find academic sources as presenting credible information is extremely important to gain trust from your professor and prove that your argumentation is substantial. Creating a detailed outline which will organize the flow of your thoughts. This way, you will not get lost in your ideas and will not confuse your professor. Indeed, the professor will appreciate the well-organized manner in which you present your research ideas. Creating a list of sources to avoid academic dishonesty. Plagiarism is the main enemy of a student and the most popular type of academic dishonesty. Checking your grammar. Using the anti-plagiarism software and a grammar checker is especially important for making your paper perfect as grammar mistakes mar you entire work regardless the efficient argumentation. Reading your paper one more time to find the mistakes which the grammar checker failed to detect. It is advisable to check your term paper for mistakes one more time as usually grammar checkers miss some mistakes. At the same time, try to check the structure of the sentences and the logical representation of your ideas. The Search for a Topic That Brings Success to Your Writing So the first step to start dealing with a term paper on human resources is seeking for an interesting topic. If the professor gives you a list of topics, then this task is already accomplished. Here, you just have to think about the topic you like to write about most. However, if your professor asked the students to search topic by themselves, your task becomes more difficult to be accomplished. Nevertheless, this specification expands your range of topics and increases your chances to write about a problem which you would like to explore most of all. Think about why once you decide to devote your life to human resources management and what inspires you about this discipline. Then think about what you would like to change in your future field of work. For instance, you believe that some issues are obvious, but no one notices them. In this case, feel free to present your ideas and be sure of the uniqueness of your paper. However, if you believe that you cannot choose a topic due to the overwhelming variety of the latter, then take one of the topics suggested below. Indeed, the human resources management presents a lot of issues you may write about, whether writing about diversity (which is the most popular topic to discuss), wages or benefit programs, performance evaluation, labor laws, etc. Just remember that after taking a topic, it could be modified and expanded the range of issues which you would like to explore in your term paper. So, here is the list of 5 possible topics: Encouraging Diversity in the Workplace and the Benefits Associated with It; Wages and Labor Laws: How Alterations Contribute to the Improvement of the Working Process; Employee Motivation and Performance Evaluation: The Need for New Programmes which Influence the Company’s Wellbeing; Bullying, Harassment, and Other Ethical Issues: the Suggestions for Reaching Friendly Surroundings; Health and Job Performance. Certainly, you may alter the topics according to your own preferences. For instance, you may find it difficult simultaneously exploring the issues associated with employee motivation and performance evaluation. With that in mind, you would probably like to focus only on the exploration of the employees’ motivation and offer some programmes which increase it. Moreover, you may create your own programme, which, of course, will make your paper innovative. Remember that the professor will highly appreciate if you present your own ideas in a term paper. Writing a Persuasive Thesis Statement for Your Term Papers After you choose a topic, write your thesis statement. The latter will be aimed at presenting the core notions you are going to defend in a paper. For instance, if you have chosen â€Å"Encouraging Diversity in the Workplace and the Benefits Associated with It,† then your thesis statement can sound as following: â€Å"Promoting diversity in the workplace is important nowadays for any organization which aims to become successful as diversity encourages employees of all backgrounds to feel confident about their work, increases their productivity and generally allows the company build a virtuous reputation.† Be specific in your notion as the latter should include the arguments for your position. Certainly, only admitting â€Å"Promoting diversity in the workplace is important† cannot be considered a persuasive thesis statement. Research on the Topic Extensively Searching for the information which you are going to apply for your arguments is one of the most important steps in your preparations for writing your term paper. Basically, your course materials are already the sources which you can use. However, writing a term paper usually means using additional sources. The best database to use is JSTOR where all sources are credible. You may also go to the university library and find some information. Though going to the library may take more time than the process of searching on the Internet. However, the library is a favorable place for learning and writing a term paper where no social networks can distract you. In this step, you may also make a quick list of sources. So while writing, you will always be able to add information from the sources. Outline a Term Paper Roughly If you do not like writing outlines, you may skip this step. However, it would be easier for you to stay focused on the ideas and not lose your track of mind. Without writing an outline, you may later wonder how it happens that you start writing about the points that do not reveal your topic at all. A common outline contains the following parts which perfectly resemble the structure of an essay: Introduction, Body parts, Conclusion. Of course, you may change the structure and add other parts if your paper instructions require it. The main purpose of this example is to demonstrate to you how outlines actually work. An introductory paragraph usually contains some basic information by which you aim to â€Å"educate† your reader. The primary purpose of an introductory paragraph is to present the background of the issue, establish the mission and arguments of the paper along with the task to show its relevance. Also, you should introduce the writing style that determines the whole presentation of the following idea. Moreover, as this paragraph is the first one for the potential reader, it is essential to make it intriguing and appealing. Further, your introduction slowly turns to the thesis statement which is usually your last sentence in the introductory paragraph. The body of the paper goes right after the introductory paragraph. The body usually contains some sections which are thematically divided and focus on the exploration of each side of your thesis statement. For instance, if the topic of your paper is â€Å"Encouraging Diversity in the Workplace and the Benefits Associated with It,† the names for the sections of your paper may be as following: Section 1: The Benefits of Diversity in the Workplace, Section 2: Traditional Diversity Approaches, Section 3: Suggestions on the Implementation of Programs Associated with Diversity. In the body of the paper, you should analyze the information found in the sources as well as present your ideas. Generally, this part aims at providing all arguments in order to prove your thesis statement. The last part of your paper, as well as an outline, is a conclusion. Here, you should write down the results which you come to in your research. Remember that adding new information to this part is inappropriate as conclusions are actually the part where you mention the statements which the reader gets familiarized with. Meanwhile, your conclusions should respond to the thesis statement and prove that you have defended the notion presented there. A List of Sources Used in Your Term Paper on Human Resources Creating an alphabetized list of sources is important as this concluding part evidences academic integrity. By the list of sources and proper in-text citation, you show respect to the authors of the sources which you have taken information from. You should perfectly know the rules of citing to prepare this section. Here, the guides for citing are advisable for you, for instance, a book They Say, I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing by Cathy Birkenstein. Checking a Paper for the Main Issues Grammar and Plagiarism Congratulations! Your paper is ready, but there are still two more steps to make it perfect. It is known that sometimes students unintentionally plagiarize. Anyway, the latter damages their reputation and does not serve as an evidence for actual unintentional plagiarism. With that in mind, try to use an additional anti-plagiarism software which can effectively detect plagiarism, for instance, PlagTracker, PlagScan or Turnitin. The last step is rereading. No matter how many plagiarism and grammar checkers you can use, there are always some mistakes left in the paper. So check, check, check your human resources term paper to make it look better. We are sure you’ll manage to fulfill the main paper requirements to the maximum. Besides our hopes, move closer to term paper writing with the help of simple but steady steps suggested by our team.

Fine art ba Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Fine art ba - Essay Example Developments in the field of Art and Architecture emerged from the Classical to the Modern. There is indeed a clash within the academe as to how art and architecture must be assessed in the same respect to that of the general public or the viewers who have been hostile and unreceptive, in most cases, to the new form and standards of art and architecture that emerged and presented by the artists and innovators themselves. This is the condition that shows why Art Historians are busy rewriting art history. This is applicable to Lego since the said toy became a method in artistic production which will be discussed on the latter part of the dissertation. In this paper, there is an investigative, critical and synthetic approach and analysis as to how the Lego art and architecture, the external influences to the concept of construction, and the development of the style throughout time, in all aspects reflect the status and condition of Modern Art and Architecture. Frank Lloyd Wright will be dealt with in this paper as well since he is one the well-known architects that formulated new designs and conventions in terms of architecture. There will be an assessment of the modes of artistic production, specifically on the conception of form, the conventions of the work of art, the aesthetic appeal, the social context and observe clearly what are the difference and similarities among the three and the possible influence of one to the other. Also, the dissertation will try to investigate further the ambivalent connections of the aforementioned stylistic concepts. In achieving a cohesive and synthetic assessment of the matters that pertain to the subject being tackled, there will be a thorough deliberation of the relation of the aforementioned topics to its social, cultural, political, and economic contexts. Inevitably, these contexts provide a crucial playing field for the flourish and failures that art and architecture faced

Study of Efficient Market Hypothesis 04012 Essay

Study of Efficient Market Hypothesis 04012 - Essay Example ns that the bubbles in prices of assets are not possible nor does EMH deny that behavioural and environmental features cannot have deep influences on the required risk premiums and rates of returns (Timmermann and Granger, 2004). EMH declares that shares are constantly traded at their reasonable value, therefore making it impracticable for the investors to purchase the undervalued shares or sell shares for overstated or inflated prices (Borges, 2010). According to this, it may be impossible for the investors to outperform the entire market through market timing or expert share selection. So, the only means for the investor to receive higher or advanced returns is through buying riskier investments. There are three forms of efficiency i.e. weak-form, strong and semi-strong form of efficiency (Morningstar, 2015). In the efficiency of weak-form, it is not possible to predict the future price by analysing the past prices and the surplus returns cannot be received by employing the investment strategies which is based on the historical data (Gupta and Basu, 2011; Moustafa, 2004). In the semi-strong efficiency, stock prices are adjusted to the publicly accessible new information (Ma, 2004). However, the technical o r fundamental analyses are not able to consistently produce surplus returns. In the efficiency of strong-form, share prices reveal all information, private and public and no individual or company can earn surplus returns (Chau and Vayanos, 2008). The most influential argument against EMH is that the securities markets have frequently experienced excessive bubbles. When the market bubble exploded, internet associated stocks lost almost 90% of their value. The related mispricing of securities which are mortgage-backed had excessive consequences for the financial institutions as well as for the economy of entire world. Critics have deemed these incidents to be evident cases of the market inefficiency. The continuation of bubbles in the prices of assets is

Resources to Support Childrens Language Development

Resources to Support Childrens Language Development Task 1 An annotated resource list detailing stories, books, rhymes, songs, finger-plays, story props, puppets, resources and classroom contexts which can be used to support and extend literacy for real life purposes in their setting. You must take into account the particular needs of bilingual learners. In doing this you will realise that what you are doing is describing what you will provide in the role-play context and why. This amounts to a very basic plan together with a rationale for the resourcing. Resource List Following much discussion about poor standards of English teaching, the Literacy Hour was introduced into all English primary schools through the National Literacy strategy during the school year 1998/99. The daily literacy hour is divided between 10-15 minutes of whole class reading or writing; 10-15 minutes whole-class session on word level work (e.g. phonics, spelling) and sentence level work; 25-30 minutes of directed group activities; and a plenary at the end for pupils to revisit the objectives of the lesson, reflect on what they have learnt and consider what they need to do next. The resource list that has been complied has been designed to support activities that take place during the literacy hour. The educational resources market is huge and there is a great deal of choice available. There are many new publishers. For example, Badger Publishing Ltd (www.badger-publishing.co.uk) was established in 1989 and provides a range of books, which are designed to improve children’s literacy skills. The company’s publications are divided into three categories. Badger History for Foundation and Key Stage 1 uses bright and colourful images to stimulate the interest of children in historical concepts. Badger History uses nursery rhymes, changes in everyday life, stories and legends, and significant people and past events drawn from the history of Britain and the rest of the word. Each year of Foundation and KS1 has its own Big Book and Teacher Book. Each Big Book has 10 themes. Details of the book for nursery / reception classes are listed below. Big Book 1 for Nursery / Reception Old Mother Hubbard 12 days of Christmas London Bridge is falling down Boys and girls come out to play Miss Polly had a dolly Ride a cock-horse Mary had a little lamb Sing a song of sixpence Oranges and lemons Rats Badger Nursery Rhymes introduces the first sight words for reception classes. They also provide a literacy course, which aims to fulfil the early learning communication, language and literacy goals and the National Literacy Strategy. The publication contains 24 popular nursery rhymes, coverage of all 45 high frequency words and a range of objectives (word, sentence and text level work). Badger also has another range of publications, which are called Storyteller. This is a new series which uses 36 familiar stories to support the writing, speaking and listening objectives of the National Literacy Strategy in Reception, Year 1 and Year 2. This publication allows children to hear and learn about traditional stories, develop comprehension skills, develop speaking and listening skills, use drama to explore themes and characters, and increase their experience of the language and structure of stories. Each book has its own focus. For example, the publication for Reception uses stories, (The Gingerbread Man) with rhyme and repetitive phrases. Fingerplays are a fun way of introducing poetry to children. Fingerplays are also useful tools for practicing fine motor skills, following directions and introducing concepts. They also provide the opportunity to strengthen children’s language experiences and improve their literacy skills. The following fingerplays can be added to the list of resources: Balls (size, counting) Grandmother’s Glasses Choo! Choo! Two Little Blackbirds (counting) Funny Bunny Up, Up, Up (spatial concepts) Jack in the Box (spatial concepts) Unwind the Thread Riding in a Wagon A Teeny Weeny Spider Pat-a-cake Hickory, Dickory, Dock Grand Old Duke of York Literacy Connections (www.literacyconnections.com) is an American based organisation, which provides a vast array of information on reading, teaching and tutoring techniques, ESOL literacy, and adult literacy. Whilst, its resources etc, obviously cater for the needs of the American educational market, many of the items can be readily adapted to meet the literacy needs of children in the UK. A variety of songs can be accessed from this website. They can used to promote and develop a range of literacy skills. A selection of these songs is shown below. â€Å"Alphabet† is an interactive rap song. It targets the comprehension and manipulation of the alphabet and various words in the English language. Using this rap for Reception classes, challenges the children’s abilities to listen, respond, and demonstrate awareness of language patterns and sounds. The â€Å"Alphabet† Song A, B, C, D, E, F, G H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P Q, R, S, T, U, and V W, X, Y, Z A Boy Caught Danny Eating Father’s Groceries A like ant, B – boy†¦. The â€Å"Alphabet Animals at the Zoo† song allows children to develop the following skills and gain a greater understanding of a number of concepts. Notably – identifying letters of the alphabet, learning the order of the letters of the alphabet, recognising symbol sound correspondence, and increasing vocabulary movement. The children stretch, shake and bounce to warm up during the opening verse. Next, they create motions which go with a word for each letter of the alphabet. For example, arch, reach up and bend backwards, bend, bend forward, clap, clap hands, droop, let head, arms and spine sag forward, expand, make the body tall and wide. After completing the alphabet, each child faces someone and does the motion that goes with the first letter of his / her name. Alphabet Animals at the Zoo Learn the abc’s with ease While getting fit and having fun Aphabetise your exercise And do your moves one by one At the store or in the car park You’ll cause a small commotion If you suddenly stand and start The alphabet in motion Scholastic, the global children’s publishing, education and media company, provides a wide range of resources, which can be accessed from its website (www.teacher.scholastic.com). It provides information on how children can create pet puppets and use them interactively in their play. Pet Puppets The creation and use of pet puppets in their play, helps children to develop their social, language and literacy skills. The following materials are required: socks (one for each child), fabric markers, children’s safety scissors, white craft glue, materials to decorate puppets (e.g. feathers, buttons, fabric scraps etc), chart paper and marker. The children work together to create sock puppet pets. In making the puppets the children will be engaged in the following activities: Read stories to children about pets or animals and then engage them in a conversation about different types of pets. Do they have pets? What types of pets do they have? What types of pets do they have? What types of pets do they wish they had? Tell the children that they make sock pet puppets out of socks. When the puppets are complete – the children should be encouraged to participate in activities to develop dramatic-play and language skills. The Role of Parents In Developing Their Children’s Literacy Skills The most important benefit that parents can give to their children is their undivided attention. In a classroom situation a teacher will have to deal with 30 or more children. Therefore, the scope for a teacher to work one-to-one with a pupil is highly restricted. Thus parents play a crucial role in developing their children’s language, literacy and social skills. Adams, M, (1990), estimated that by the time her son was six, he had received 1700 hours of stories being read to him. He had also spent 1000 hours watching the literacy-focused television programme â€Å"Sesame Street†. By contrast, she calculated that in the first year of schooling he would have received 360 hours of literacy instruction, and less than 18 hours were given in individual attention. Toomey, D, (1993), reported studies, which demonstrated that, without help and guidance, parents were much less likely than teachers to praise, and pause and therefore encourage guesses or self-correction, or to give clues if children were hesitant. He suggested that careful thought, and appropriate resources, needed to be given to ensure that this invaluable potential support was channelled effectively. To deal with this issue the government has launched a number of initiatives e.g. Sure Start. This is designed to encourage parents to play a proactive role in their children’s learning. Resources For Bilingual Children There is a huge selection of resources available for developing the language and literacy skills of bilingual children. The use of such resources in the Literacy Hour depends heavily upon the make-up of the Reception class. For example, let us assume that a reception class contains 24 children. If the class contained 20 bilingual children and four native English speakers, this would clearly need a completely different teaching strategy, if the numbers were reversed. In both situations the literacy needs of the two groups most be accommodated. This is why the role of Teaching Assistants has become very important in terms of helping Reception Class teachers deliver a teaching strategy that meets the learning requirements of the children in a specific set. In Task 2, this issue is revisited – as the observation of the children entails analysing the effectiveness of the teaching and resources used in the delivery of the Literacy Hour. In the activity that was observed a specialist bilingual resource was not used. A First Experience book was used Tidy Up – this introduces children to the everyday activity of tidying up. A list of household objects (e.g. coat hanger etc) are involved. No matter how good the teacher, the support and resources are, bilingual speakers are always going to have major problems, if their parents do not make a significant contribution towards developing their children develop their English language and literacy skills. Young children have the monumental task of learning their native language. However, more non-English speaking children are now entering UK schools and are required to develop skills in English as well. Many teachers are now finding that some pupils are not proficient in any language. This is because children are pushed into learning a second language without continuing development in their native language. According to Fillmore, W, (1991), this is happening because children are pushed into learning a second language without continuing development in their native language. Research has shown that children that develop adequate language skills are more likely to experience success when they begin reading (Liberman, 1983; Roth, Speece and Cooper, 2002; Snow, Burn and Griffin, 1998). Early language acquisition begins at home and occurs somewhat naturally, through interactions with friends and family members. Children need these opportunities to develop their native language before they can master a second language. Summary An extensive resource list has been developed. The source and purpose of the items in the list has been explained. If children are going to learn – they must be encouraged to participate. In other words they need to be engaged in a positive and progressive. The contents of the resources list are designed to become fully involved with role play. For example, a teacher can read a short story to group of children. The children will become completely in tune with the experience, when they dress up and act the storyline themselves. Resources provide the opportunity for children to use their imagination. Literacy skills do not sit in isolation. Reading, writing, speaking and listening all interact with social interaction and new learning experiences. Further to this, as highlighted, is the importance of parents becoming actively involved in developing their children’s literacy and language skills. For bilingual children different teaching strategies are required to facilitate their particular learning needs. Specialist resources do exist – but more often than not – the key to success, is using readily available learning resources in new and imaginative ways to meet their needs. Task 2 The second piece of coursework is an evaluation of how well the planned activity meet the intended outcomes – i.e. did the role play area, support and extend the reading, writing, speaking and listening of all the pupils, including bilingual pupils. Introduction This task involves the observation of a number of activities that took place during place Literacy Hour. The children that were observed are in a Reception Class. Communicative competence provides a theoretical framework within, which these observed activities will be reviewed and critically evaluated. Also research findings relevant to the areas under investigation will also be considered. Educational Theory Underpinning Literacy Skills Communicative competence is a concept introduced by Dell Hymes and discussed and redefined by many authors. Hymes’ original idea was that speakers of a language have to have more grammatical competence in order to communicate effectively in a language; they also need to know how language is used by members of a speech community to accomplish their purposes. There are eight aspects of communicative competence. They are grouped together into two groups of four: Linguistic aspects: Phonology and orthography – Phonological competence is the ability to recognise and produce the distinctive meaningful sounds of a language, including; consonants, vowels, tone patterns, intonation patterns etc. Orthographic competence is the ability to decipher and write the writing system of a language. Grammatical competence – This is the ability to recognise and produce the distinctive structures of a language and to use them effectively in communication. Lexical competence – This is the ability to recognise and use words in a language that speakers of the language use them. Lexical competence includes understanding the different relationships among families of words and the common collections of words. Discourse competence – This is used to refer to two related, but distinct abilities. Textual discourse competence refers to the ability to understand and construct monologues or written texts of different genres, such as narratives, procedural texts etc. Learning a language involves learning how to relate these different types of discourse in a way that is coherent to the readers and listeners. If you like, the linguistic aspects of learning a language are the theoretical aspects that have to be mastered. In terms of learning how to read and write, the starting point is phonology. Mastering phonetics is at the very heart teaching Reception Class pupils how to read. The other three aspects are developed over a longer term period. Although by the end of the Reception Year – the children must have made some progress towards becoming effective in terms of the grammatical and lexical competencies. Pragmatic aspects: Functional competence – This refers to the ability to accomplish communication purposes in a language. For example, the ability to use language to greet someone. Sociolinguistic competence – This is the ability to interpret the social meaning of the choice of linguistic varieties and to use language with the appropriate meaning of the communication situation. Interactional competence – This involves knowing and using the mostly-unwritten rules for interaction in various communication situations within a given speech community and culture. Cultural competence – This is the ability to understand behaviour from the standpoint of the members of a culture and to behave in a way that would be understood by the members of the culture in the intended way. Cultural competence therefore involves understanding all aspects of a culture, but particularly the social structure, the values and beliefs of the people, and the way things are assumed to be done. Practice makes perfect – is a phrase that all school children will be familiar. If a child is going to become a proficient reader, writer and speaker of English, then they must be provided with endless opportunities to practice their skills and knowledge of the language. Herein lies the real importance of role-play in learning – it provides children with the opportunity to master the pragmatic competencies. As already stated, in Task 1, parents must become actively involved in developing their children’s literacy skills. Observation Of The Literacy Hour This was a Reception Class in a primary school. The class has 24 pupils. 20 of who are native English speakers. The other 4 are bilingual. The literacy hour is spread throughout the day and is covered in a number of sessions. Session 1 – Whole Class Reading (15 minutes) Session Objectives: The pupils will extend their vocabulary, exploring the meanings and sounds of new words Hear and say initial and final sounds in words and short vowel sounds in words Read a range of familiar and common words and simple sentences independently Know that print carries meaning and, in English, is read from left to right and top to bottom Show sufficient understanding of the elements of stories, such as main character, sequence of events, and openings, and be able to answer questions about where, who, why and how. This session involved using the story (The Gingerbread Man) from the Storyteller range of books produced by Badger Publishing Ltd. The teacher read a line from the book and asked the whole class to read the line aloud. For those children who struggled with a line they were assisted by the teacher or the teacher’s assistant to complete the task. This process lasted for about five minutes. The teacher then asked questions to help the class to recap on what they had read so far. The children were then put into pairs and were asked to read alternate lines to their partners. For those pupils who struggled with this task – they were aided by the teacher or the teacher’s assistant to complete their sentence. The teacher then moved the session beyond the book and asked the pupils to consider what materials they would like to be made of. This generated a wide range of interesting and amusing responses – ranging from rubber to chocolate. The children were asked to consider what special power they would like to have and why, in their new characterisation. The repetition of the reading aloud of sentences from the story book did not really motivate the pupils. However, when they were allowed to use their imagination and develop their own characterisation in a new format, the majority of the group found this stimulating. The reading aloud and repetition of the sentences was designed to allow the pupils to further develop their lexical competence. The relaxation of the structured rigidity, that is a by-product of reading aloud, provided the pupils with much greater freedom to use their imaginations and consequently develop the pragmatic aspects of the communicative competence framework. As with everything in life, the educational system suffers from two major constraints. That is, a lack of time and a lack of resources. As outlined, in Task 1, there is very little scope for offering individual pupils a sufficient amount of one-to-one contact with the teacher. The average size of Reception Classes in the UK is greater than 24. The bigger the class size and the greater the diversity in language skills (i.e. how many bilingual children are in the class?) then more pressure is placed on the teacher. The Literacy Hour has been in operation for nearly 8 years and its impact has been extensively researched. According to researchers from the University of Newcastle – whole class teaching has not encouraged opportunities for pupils to question or explore ideas to help them regulate their own thinking. The researchers have identified the problem of teachers adapting to the new curriculum without changing their old teaching styles or patterns. Consequently, many of the innovations of the National Literacy Strategy are not implemented as a result. Session 2 – Fingerplays – Directed Group Studies (25 minutes) Session Objective Show sufficient understanding of the elements of stories, such as main character, sequence of events, and openings, and be able to answer questions about where, who, why and how. The class was divided into six groups of four. Each group was presented with a different fingerplay (e.g. Unwind the Thread, Riding in a Wagon, Hickory Dickory Dock etc). The teacher was assisted by a teacher’s assistant and a volunteer worker. Working their way round the groups – the children were instructed on how to participate in the fingerplay and were encouraged to work as a group to generate ideas on what they thought the words contained in the rhymes, actually. The children were then asked again to work as a group and think of a storyline that could be developed using a fingerplay. This session was adequately staffed and this meant that no group of children had to wait long for assistance, in terms of getting answers to their questions. This role-play element of the session proved to be very successful and the children on the whole worked well within the groups to which they had been allocated. This session provided opportunities for the children to develop their proficiency with regard to the pragmatic aspects of the communicative competence. Session 3 – Developing The Language Skills Of Bilingual Pupils (20 minutes) Session Objective – By the end of the session the pupils will show sufficient understanding of the elements of stories, such as main character, sequence of events, and openings, and be able to answer questions about, where, who, why and how. Two of the bilingual students have only recently joined the school. Both of them are new to the UK and to English. Although their parents read to them in Urdu, they are used to a different writing system and print which goes from right to left, rather than from left to right. The TA (Teacher’s Assistant) is using a book which the teacher used at the beginning of the academic year (ie Tidy Up). It is a picture story with no words. The TA had been working with the two new pupils for two weeks and had established a good rapport. She worked her way through each picture and explained to the children what was happening in each scene. A volunteer worker, who was fluent in English and Urdu was on hand. The TA had a number of items (e.g. a clock, a coat hanger, a drinking mug, a torch etc) which featured in the story. As she produced each object she encouraged the children to handle it and say its English name. She asked questions about the objects – what they were for, where might you find them, and so on – and asked the children to find them in the pictures. She talked about the each item’s part in the story. The volunteer remained silent throughout and only interjected when the children did not understand what was being asked of them. Speaking briefly in Urdu to clarify and issue, and then allowing the TA to resume contact with the children. She then asked the children to take on roles of characters in the book, and she also took on a role. Together they acted the story out, using the household objects as props and she encouraged the â€Å"characters† to talk about what they were doing. She then asked the children to â€Å"read† the book in English, and supported (with help from the volunteer worker when appropriate) them individually as they did this. At the end of the session, she reviewed the session, the progress the two children had made. Overall the session was a positive experience for all of the concerned parties. The volunteer worker is helping the children to develop literacy skills within their first language i.e. Urdu. The parents of the children are attending ESOL classes at the school and are actively involved in helping their offspring develop their language skills in Urdu. This is having a positive impact on their ability and willingness to learn English. The use of role-play both at school and at home is increasing their proficiency in both languages. Thus in this instance the use of role-play has generated positive benefits. The objective for the session was achieved. The successful completion of this activity reinforces the factors which are at the heart of the educational theory stated at the beginning of this task. It is counterproductive to fast track the two new arrivals into the class. They need to be helped to master their native language as well as being slowly introduced to English. Their confidence with regard to speaking their own language and becoming more exposed to English, will be increased by the use of role-play activities as observed and by being positively engaged by their parents and extended family, within their home and domestic surroundings. The results of this observation provide a clear link to the previously stated research of several authors (i.e. Fillmore, W, 1991; Liberman, 1983; Roth, Speece and Cooper, 2002; Snow, Burn and Griffin, 1998) that early language acquisition begins at home and occurs somewhat naturally, through interactions with friends and family members. Children need these opportunities to develop their native language before they can master a second language. References Research Evaluation of the National Literacy Strategy – Academic Findings and Recommendations (www.literacytrust.org.uk/research/liteval.html) Literacy Improvement Programme – Developing Literacy in the Early Stages (www.ltscotland.gov.uk) The National Literacy Strategy – Guidance on the organisation of the NLS in Reception classes (Department for Education and Employment, September, 2000) Parental Tips for Enhancing Print Awareness, Phonological Awareness and Oral Language Skills in Young Children Learning English as a Second Language – Crystal Torti, Yvette Carrasco (Top Tips on Parenting, Fall, 2004, Volume 6, Number 3) Beginning to Read: Thinking and Learning About Print – Adams, M. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press – 1990) Parents hearing their children read: a review – Toomey, D. (Rethinking the lessons of the Haringey Project – Educational Research, 35/3, 223-236, 1993) Cluster 1 – Thinking about children as learners – What role do parents play in children (www.abdn.ac.uk/education/research-and-initiatives/RTR) Early Childhood Today – Pet Puppets (http://teacher.scholastic.com/products/ect/Petpuppets.htm) Fingerplays Index Page (http://falcon.jmu.edu/ramsey/fingerplayindex.htm) Aspects of communicative competence – (www.sil.org/lingualinks/LANGUAGELEARNING/OtherResources) First Experiences (http://books.kelkoo.co.uk/b/a/cpc) How Most Children Learn To Read – Derry Koralek, Ray Collins (Reading Rockets, 1997 – www.readingrockets.org/articles/386) Various pages from Literacy Connections (www.literacyconnections.com) Various pages from Badger Publishing Ltd (www.badger-publishing.co.uk) Literacy Reception Module (Department for Education and Employment, September, 2003)

Demonstrating the Virtues of the Just Life Essay -- Essays Papers

Demonstrating the Virtues of the Just Life The character of Socrates in Plato’s Republic is a curious one. Socrates is rarely satisfied with widely or casually accepted statements, and is fearless in taking on enormous topics for debate. One such topic that Socrates tackles early and often in the Republic is that of justice and the just life. It takes little time for Socrates to begin an attempt at demonstrating to two of his friends, Glaucon and Adeimantus, that in fact it pays to be just. After much debate and even the creation of a fictional city, a resolution of some kind is reached. Socrates does succeed in convincing his opposition that it pays to be just, however he does not demonstrate said fact. The difference is subtle, but profound. The debate begins when Glaucon makes the powerful claim that, â€Å"the life of the unjust man is, after all, far better than that of the just man† (Plato, Republic[1], 358c[2]). He and Adeimantus beg Socrates to respond, and in response Socrates decides that to consider justice in a man, it would be easier to consider justice in something larger, namely a city. He begins the creation of a fictional city with the necessities of the citizens, and then the responsibilities each citizen has to the city, namely, to inhabit the profession that one is best at. To protect the city, its citizens, and its land, a class of â€Å"guardians† is to be created. This leads to the discussion of education, and finally to the third class of the population, the wise rulers. Socrates has created a three-tiered city that he claims is just. Once the city has been completed and it is inspected, Socrates declares that the definition of justice that they have been search... ...y saying that, â€Å"isn’t to produce justice to establish the parts of the soul in a relation of mastering, and being mastered by, one another that is according to nature, while to produce injustice is to establish a relation of ruling, and being ruled by, one another that is contrary to nature?† (444d). Isn’t it better to lead a just life if doing so prevents internal chaos and maintains order in the soul? It seems that answer is yes, but the question rests on a fallacy. The connection between injustice in a city as chaos among the classes, and injustice in a man as chaos in the soul has never been sufficiently shown. Socrates has failed his demonstration. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Plato. Republic. Trans. Allan Bloom. Basic Books, 1968. [2] Stephanus numbers and letters used to cite all works of Plato.

O great god-king Xerxes Essay

O great god-king Xerxes, I have heard that you are planning to launch a full-scale invasion of the Greek nations following on the steps of your father, Darius. I come here before you to attempt to dissuade you of your plans for Greece. As I am once a prominent citizen of one of the many city-states in the nation, it would do you well to listen to my advice as it contains extensive knowledge of what you are about to face if you push through with your plans. O King, barely ten years ago, your father Darius launched a similar invasion against the Greek city-states in retaliation to the Athenians’ aiding the Ionians in their revolt against his rule. Although it had been initially successful, the invasion was ultimately put to an end by his defeat during the Battle of Marathon. It could be worth noting that, despite the battle being a victory, it was a desperate attack by the Athenian army that caused the defeat of your father’s armed forces. Sparta, perhaps the state with the most powerful military in all of Greece, was absent from the battle and even then the Greeks scored a victory. Each city-state in Greece acts independently from each other. They are each governed by their respective rulers and are not influenced by the affairs of the other city-states. However, it is not impossible for each of them to call for aid to one another as evidenced by the Ionian call for aid during the previous war. Sartus was taken thanks to the aid provided by Athens, who had the major contribution in the allied army, and by Eretria. Sparta had chosen delay sending military aid as it had decided a full moon needed to pass before they do anything and were thus absent from the Battle of Marathon, where your father’s army was defeated utterly. Had Sparta’s forces been present, its superior military might compared to Athens would likely contribute to utter decimation of the Persian forces under your father’s command. However, even then, your father’s soldiers lost under the Greeks. If you attack now, O King, you risk provoking an even greater alliance that can now include Sparta, which is your most formidable enemy on the plains of Greece. The Spartans are a race that places utmost emphasis on military training and raising superior soldiers that have been tested in war. Furthermore, the Spartans will never participate and are not interested in any alliance that will not mean leadership to them. They can be a vain and arrogant nation but with the strength to back their vanity up. If you threaten the entire Greek country now, your Majesty, the major powers of the nation will definitely ally themselves with Sparta at the helm. With Spartan tactics and warriors at the vanguard, your army – no matter how great – will run into serious opposition which can result into an even greater demise than what has happened to your father’s forces in Marathon. As could be expected from any nation, the Greeks have devised battle tactics that are best suited to their terrain. They know their land; you can expect them to take advantage of that and lure your forces into a disadvantage in battle. With a possible alliance under Spartan leadership, the Greek can have a tactical and strategic advantage even if your army is greater in number. O Wise King, great wisdom it would be not to rely on the greater numbers of your armed host. The Greeks, especially the Spartans, will not be easily daunted. They have tactics that can be quite effective when employed in terrain which they know well. For example, your father Darius in Marathon faced a tactic called the phalanx. By definition, a Greek battle line deployed in a phalanx means there is equal strength in all sides of the battle formation. However, in Marathon, the Greek commander faced superior numbers but was able to modify the phalanx into an effective variant: he strengthened the wings of his battle formation while weakening the center. At first you would think that the Greeks were committing suicide and, indeed, the Greeks seemed to be at the point of desperation. However, stronger wings meant that the Greeks managed to hold off the wings of your father’s formations, holding them back and disabling them from reinforcing the center of King Darius’ battle lines. Thus, it was then that the Persian armies were surrounded and routed by the Greek army in Marathon. The results of the battle were horrific. Your father lost a sizable portion of his soldiers, sixty times more than what the Greeks lost in that same battle. A second Marathon is not the only thing that you should worry about in the conduct of battle in this planned invasion. A worse battle awaits your forces if you push through. In Greece, there is a place which we call the â€Å"Hot Gates† or Thermopylae. This place is a narrow pass bordered by a sheer cliff wall on one side, and the sea on the other side. This is a battleground ideal for the phalanx. In such a narrow pass, the phalanx will serve as a wedge that will drive through your attacking forces. The Greeks need only to strengthen their front lines with the rear guard merely pushing the front soldiers forward. In here, the superior numbers of your great army will definitely count for nothing. The Greeks, especially the Spartans and the Athenians, are aware of this pass; they will definitely use this to their advantage to hold off your army while a greater force amasses for retaliation. A Spartan-led phalanx could be as devastating as any phalanx, which had been proven by the Athenian tactics in Marathon. As you could see, Great King Xerxes, the sheer size of your army is both your strength and your liability. To support such a large host, you need a sizable navy to carry supplies back and forth. Your navy will be stretched thin supporting your great army; it will also have to endure against whatever naval counterattacks and offensives that the Greeks may launch against you. You could face a naval situation similar to Thermopylae in Salamis. It is a narrow channel, one which can reduce your navy into a bottleneck and reduce their effectiveness. The Greeks can pick your ships off one by one even if they may be smaller in size. Consider my wisdom in this matter, King Xerxes. I daresay that, even if you hold the greater number of forces, you would find it hard to manage them effectively at smaller levels. The Greeks, my former countrymen, are geniuses both in scholarship and in battle; your father Darius learnt that the hard way in the fields of Marathon under the Athenians alone. With a possible pan-Greek alliance – with the mighty Spartans leading – your forces face yet another humiliating defeat similar to Marathon, only this time you will be facing the combined might of all the city-states of Greece. Abandon this plan now, before this results to destruction of your mighty host. Sources: Wheeler, Kevin. (2001). â€Å"Ancient Greek Battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, Artemisium and Salamis. † Retrieved November 30, 2008, from Ancient World Battles website: http://www. geocities. com/caesarkevin/battles/Greekbattles1. html Lendering, Jona. (2005). â€Å"Phalanx and Hoplites. † Retrieved November 30, 2008 from Livius. org website: http://www. livius. org/pha-phd/phalanx/phalanx. html Lopez, Vincent. (2008) â€Å"Shock Tactics on the Ancient Battlefield. † Retrieved November 30, 2008 from Armchair General website: http://www. armchairgeneral. com/shock-tactics-on-the-ancient-battlefield. htm/5 Stewart, Michael. â€Å"People, Places & Things: Xerxes I†, Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last Tyrant. Retrieved November 30, 2008 from Messagenet website: http://messagenet. com/myths/ppt/Xerxes_I_1. html Freedom44. (2004). â€Å"The First Persian War – Greek Wars. † Retrieved from Free Republic website: http://freerepublic. com/focus/f-news/1196577/posts